Effects of antisperm antibodies on early cleavage of fertilized ova

Early cleavage of zygotes was abnormal after oocytes were fertilized with sperm cells from one of 64 infertile couples studied in our human in vitro fertilization and embryo development procedure. The abnormal cleavage, which did not affect fertilization, was not due to polyspermy or parthenogenetic activation of oocytes, but to antisperm antibodies present on the sperm cells. These antibodies did not react with zona-intact or zona-free human oocytes, although they reacted with the acrosomal (strongly) and tail (weakly) regions of human sperm. The antibodies recognized a double band comprising two glycoproteins of 14 +/- 3 and 18 +/- 3 kDa and a protein band of 22 +/- 3 kDa on the Western blot of lithium diiodosalicylate-solubilized human sperm extract. Antisera were raised in rabbits against the double band (14 +/- 3- and 18 +/- 3-kDa antigens) and the 22 +/- 3-kDa protein. Passive transfer of affinity-purified human or rabbit immunoglobulins directed against the double band (14 +/- 3- and 18 +/- 3-kDa antigens), but not those directed against the 22 +/- 3-kDa protein, caused a significant inhibition of early cleavage of oocytes without affecting pronuclear formation in mice. These results suggest that the sperm surface antigens of 14 +/- 3 and 18 +/- 3 kDa may provide an extranuclear signal to oocytes to divide in mice and humans. These antigens may also find clinical applications in the management of immunoinfertility and in the development of an antisperm contraceptive vaccine for humans.