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Related Concept Videos

Primary Production01:06

Primary Production

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The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use some for metabolic processes, and some is lost as heat, decreasing the amount of energy available to the next trophic level. The remaining usable amount of energy is called the net primary productivity (NPP). In terrestrial ecosystems, NPP is driven by climate, while light penetration and nutrient availability drive NPP in aquatic ecosystems.
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Primary Active Transport01:47

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction they would...
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Vascular plants, which account for over 90% of the Earth’s vegetation, all undergo primary growth—which lengthens roots and shoots. Many land plants, notably woody plants, also undergo secondary growth—which thickens roots and shoots.
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Primary Distribution01:28

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Primary distribution systems deliver electrical power from substations to consumers through various voltage classes, with 15-kV class voltages being predominant among U.S. utilities. Older 2.5- and 5-kV classes are being replaced by 15-kV primaries, while higher 25- to 34.5-kV classes are used in high-density urban areas and rural regions with long feeders. Three-phase, four-wire multigrounded systems are widely employed for balanced power delivery, using the neutral wire as a grounding point.
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Nomenclature of Primary Amines01:17

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Primary, secondary, and tertiary amines are compounds consisting of one, two, and three alkyl groups connected to the amino group (–NH2), respectively. As depicted in Figure 1, the common name of the primary amines is obtained by adding the suffix -amine to the alkyl substituent attached to the amino group as the corresponding alkylamine.
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Updated: Feb 8, 2026

A Robust Discovery Platform for the Identification of Novel Mediators of Melanoma Metastasis
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Ezrin in primary cutaneous melanoma.

Suvi Ilmonen1, Antti Vaheri, Sirpa Asko-Seljavaara

  • 1Department of Plastic Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. suvi.ilmonen@hus.fi

Modern Pathology : an Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc
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Summary

Ezrin protein is frequently expressed in skin melanoma and metastatic tumors. Its expression correlates with melanoma thickness and invasion depth, suggesting a role in tumor progression.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Ezrin is a protein linking the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane.
  • Ezrin is involved in cell survival, proliferation, and migration.
  • Understanding ezrin's role in melanoma is crucial for prognosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate ezrin expression in primary cutaneous melanoma.
  • To correlate ezrin expression with prognostic factors and biomarkers.
  • To assess ezrin's presence in metastatic melanoma.

Main Methods:

  • Immunohistochemical staining for ezrin in 95 primary melanomas and 12 metastatic samples.
  • Evaluation of Mib-1 proliferation antigen, p53, and Bcl-2.
  • Correlation analysis with Breslow thickness, Clark level, and survival data.

Main Results:

  • Ezrin immunoreactivity was detected in 80% of primary melanomas and 100% of metastatic samples.
  • Stronger ezrin expression correlated with increased tumor thickness and invasion depth.
  • Ezrin expression showed a positive correlation with the Mib-1 proliferation index.

Conclusions:

  • Ezrin is widely expressed in cutaneous melanoma, including metastatic lesions.
  • Ezrin expression is associated with key indicators of melanoma progression.
  • While not a significant independent prognostic marker, ezrin's correlation with progression warrants further investigation.