Androgen and progesterone receptors in shark (Squalus) testis: characteristics and stage-related distribution

Although testosterone (T) is essential for the normal completion of spermatogenesis, the exact T-sensitive control points are still unknown. Using staged tissues (premeiotic, PrM; meiotic, M; and postmeiotic, PoM) from zonal testes of the spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias, and standard [3H] steroid binding analysis, we characterized a T-binding component with physiochemical characteristics resembling classical androgen receptors (AR). [3H]T binding was of high affinity (dissociation constant = 4.4 x 10(-9) M), limited capacity (maximum binding, 94 fmol/g tissue) and relatively stable (t1/2 = 4 h at 4 C). The T-binding component was present in both cytosolic and nuclear extracts, adhered to DNA-cellulose, and displayed predicted sedimentation properties of an activated receptor in vivo or in vitro (5.06S). T, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and mibolerone (Mib), but not methyltrienelone (R1881), competed well for [3H]T binding; however, progesterone (P) was equivalent to T in its ability to displace tracer. Subsequent analysis of [3H] P binding revealed a P-binding component that was present in nuclear and cytosolic extracts, adhered to DNA, but differed from AR in its inability to bind Mib. Competition studies in which excess radioinert Mib was used to block AR revealed ligand specificity characteristics of progesterone receptors (PR): promegestone (R5020) greater than P greater than deoxycorticosterone, but T, DHT, dexamethasone, and corticosterone were ineffective competitors. Also, a nonlinear Scatchard plot was obtained, suggesting two P-binding activities, which differed in their binding affinities (dissociation constant = 0.88 vs. 5.9 x 10(-9) M) and capacities (66 vs. 210 fmol/g tissue). Conversely, using [3H]Mib to avoid interference from PR, we confirmed that T, DHT, and P were equivalent in their ability to displace ligand from AR. Comparison of tissues by stage of spermatogenesis revealed different distribution patterns for AR (PrM greater than M much greater than PoM) vs. PR (PoM much greater than M = PrM). These data provide definitive evidence for separate testicular T- and P-binding mechanisms and indicate the presence of temporally distinct sets of steroid-regulated genes.