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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
CHF can occur due to the failure of either side of the heart. Left-side failure leads to pulmonary congestion—the right side continues to send blood...
Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction01:20

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...
Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction01:22

Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction

Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...
Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations01:26

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations

Heart failure (HF) manifests primarily as dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention, resulting in peripheral and pulmonary edema. Symptoms may vary depending on which ventricle is more affected, left or right.Left-Sided Heart FailureAlso known as left ventricular failure, this condition results from the left ventricle's inability to fill or eject sufficient blood into the systemic circulation. It leads to pulmonary congestion, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to eject blood effectively...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

A Pulmonary Trunk Banding Model of Pressure Overload Induced Right Ventricular Hypertrophy and Failure
06:47

A Pulmonary Trunk Banding Model of Pressure Overload Induced Right Ventricular Hypertrophy and Failure

Published on: November 29, 2018

Hepatic response to right ventricular pressure overload.

Roben G Gieling1, Jan M Ruijter, Adri A W Maas

  • 1AMC Liver Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Gastroenterology
|October 14, 2004
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Altering liver blood flow by pulmonary trunk banding (PTB) in rats caused significant changes in hepatic enzyme expression. This reprogramming of gene expression is linked to impaired biotransformation during heart failure.

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Modifying the afferent blood supply to the liver does not alter hepatic enzyme zonation.
  • Pulmonary trunk banding (PTB) was used to investigate efferent blood flow hindrance effects on liver architecture and gene expression zonation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of efferent blood flow hindrance on hepatic architecture and gene expression zonation.
  • To understand the relationship between altered blood flow and hepatic enzyme expression patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Pulmonary trunk banding (PTB) in rats to induce hindrances in blood flow.
  • Analysis of hepatic enzyme expression patterns, including glutamine synthetase, ornithine aminotransferase, and NADPH cytochrome P-450 reductase (CYPred).
  • Electron microscopy to assess sinusoidal endothelial cells, space of Disse, and microvilli.

Main Results:

  • PTB induced right ventricular hypertrophy and congestive heart failure, affecting liver function.
  • Hepatocyte enzyme expression shifted from pericentral to periportal zones, with decreased expression of key enzymes.
  • Reduced space of Disse width and microvilli indicated impaired fluid flow without significant cell death or fibrosis.

Conclusions:

  • Reprogramming of hepatic gene expression in postsinusoidal blood flow hindrance results from reduced hepatocyte access to signal-transduction molecules.
  • Impaired biotransformation in right ventricular failure is attributed to a central-to-portal shift in enzyme expression.