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Related Concept Videos

Control Systems01:10

Control Systems

Control systems are everywhere in contemporary society, influencing diverse applications from aerospace to automated manufacturing. These systems can be found naturally within biological processes, such as blood sugar regulation and heart rate adjustment in response to stress, as well as in man-made systems like elevators and automated vehicles. A control system is essentially a network of subsystems and processes that collaboratively convert specific inputs into desired outputs.
At the heart...
Understanding Memory01:19

Understanding Memory

Memory is the retention of information or experiences over time, facilitated through three main processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding is the process of inputting information into the memory system. For instance, when listening to a lecture, watching a play, reading a book, or having a conversation, the brain is actively encoding information. This initial stage involves transforming sensory input into a form that can be processed and stored by the brain. Various factors, such as...
System of Memory01:23

System of Memory

Memory is categorized into three major systems: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). These systems differ in their capacity and the duration for which they can hold information. Sensory memory captures raw sensory input from the environment, holding it for just a few seconds or less. For example, on hearing a brief, loud sound, like a car horn honking, the sound seems to linger in the mind for a moment even after it stops. This is an instance of sensory memory...
Storage01:23

Storage

A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze each...
Retrieval01:12

Retrieval

Retrieval is the process of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness. This ability is essential for daily tasks like brushing hair and teeth, driving to work, and performing job duties. Retrieval occurs in three ways: recall, recognition, and relearning.
Recall involves accessing information without cues, such as during an essay test, where individuals must retrieve facts and concepts from memory unaided. Another example is remembering the name of a colleague...
Mnemonic Devices01:23

Mnemonic Devices

Mnemonic devices are cognitive tools that facilitate memory retention by linking new information to familiar patterns or organizational strategies. These techniques are beneficial for remembering complex or lengthy sets of information by simplifying and structuring them in easily retrievable ways.
Acronyms
Acronyms are created by using the initial letters of a series of words to form a new word or phrase. This approach condenses complex information into a single, memorable entity. For example,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

An Experimental Platform to Study the Closed-loop Performance of Brain-machine Interfaces
10:51

An Experimental Platform to Study the Closed-loop Performance of Brain-machine Interfaces

Published on: March 10, 2011

Cognitive memory: cellular and network machineries and their top-down control.

Yasushi Miyashita1

  • 1Department of Physiology, University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. yasushi_miyashita@m.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|October 16, 2004
PubMed
Summary

Explicit memory, encompassing facts and events, is orchestrated by a distributed brain network. This network

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • Explicit memory (facts and events) relies on a brain-wide network.
  • This network is studied in humans and animals, extending human memory types to episodic-like (event) and semantic-like (fact) memory in animals.
  • Episodic-like memory depends on medial temporal lobe circuits, while semantic-like memory consolidates in temporal cortex.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the brain-wide network orchestrating explicit memory.
  • To understand the neural basis of episodic-like and semantic-like memory in animals.
  • To elucidate the roles of frontal and medial temporal lobe regions in memory retrieval.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic investigation using molecular/genetic, single-unit, lesion, and imaging studies in animals.

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Insect-machine Hybrid System: Remote Radio Control of a Freely Flying Beetle (Mercynorrhina torquata)

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  • Analysis of retrieval signals (top-down from frontal cortex, backward from medial temporal lobe).
  • Focus on hierarchical interactions between cortical areas.

    • Main Results:

    • Medial temporal lobe circuits support episodic-like memory, while temporal cortex consolidates semantic-like memory.
    • Frontal cortex initiates top-down signals for active retrieval, manipulating and monitoring information.
    • Medial temporal lobe provides backward signals for automatic retrieval.

    Conclusions:

    • Explicit memory involves a distributed network with distinct roles for medial temporal lobe and temporal cortex.
    • Frontal cortex actively guides memory retrieval through top-down signaling.
    • Understanding causal interactions within this network is crucial for advancing memory research.