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Updated: Aug 21, 2026

Parallel Measurement of Circadian Clock Gene Expression and Hormone Secretion in Human Primary Cell Cultures
Published on: November 11, 2016
Circadian rhythms in microorganisms: new complexities
Patricia L Lakin-Thomas1, Stuart Brody
1Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada. plakin@yorku.ca
Abstract:
Recent advances in understanding circadian (daily) rhythms in the genera Neurospora, Gonyaulax, and Synechococcus are reviewed and new complexities in their circadian systems are described. The previous model, consisting of a unidirectional flow of information from input to oscillator to output, has now expanded to include multiple input pathways, multiple oscillators, multiple outputs; and feedback from oscillator to input and output to oscillator. New posttranscriptional features of the frq/white-collar oscillator (FWC) of Neurospora are described, including protein phosphorylation and degradation, dimerization, and complex formation. Experimental evidence is presented for frq-less oscillator(s) (FLO) downstream of the FWC. Mathematical models of the Neurospora system are also discussed.
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