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Apnea-induced changes in time estimation and its relation to bradycardia
Thibaud Jamin1, Fabrice Joulia, Pierre Fontanari
1Laboratoire E.S.P. (EA 3162), Université du Sud Toulon-Var, La Garde, France.
Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine
|October 23, 2004
Summary
Voluntary apnea, or breath-holding, significantly altered time estimation (TE) in athletes. Time perception increased during apnea, showing a negative correlation with heart rate (HR), suggesting arousal influences time judgment.
Area of Science:
- Physiology
- Human Performance
- Time Perception
Background:
- Exercise and hypoxia alter time estimation, potentially due to changes in arousal.
- Apnea induces physiological changes indicative of altered arousal.
- This study investigated time estimation during voluntary apnea.
Purpose of the Study:
- To examine the relationship between time estimation (TE) and heart rate (HR) during voluntary apnea.
- To determine if physiological arousal during apnea affects time perception.
Main Methods:
- Two groups of seven triathletes performed time estimation tasks.
- Participants reproduced target time intervals (20 or 30 seconds) during breath-holding.
- Experiments included apnea during water immersion and on a cycle ergometer at rest and during exercise.
Main Results:
- Time estimation was significantly longer during apnea compared to baseline (immersion: +27%, rest: +17%).
- A significant negative linear correlation was found between time estimation and heart rate.
- Apnea training during exercise did not impact time estimation.
Conclusions:
- A relationship exists between time estimation and heart rate during apnea.
- Further research is needed to confirm the HR-TE relationship.
- Altered time perception during breath-holding may contribute to diving accidents.