Analysis of mineral deposition in turkey tendons and self-assembled collagen fibers using mechanical techniques

During limb movement and locomotion, animals store elastic energy in the tendons of the feet, legs, and other limbs. In the turkey, much of the force generated by the gastrocnemius muscle during locomotion is stored as elastic energy through deformation of the tendon. During growth and development, the leg tendons in some avians, including turkeys, mineralize and result in an increase in tensile strength and modulus. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the effects of mineralization on elastic energy storage and transmission in turkey tendons. Elastic and viscous stress-strain curves and elastic energy storage behavior were used to compare the behavior of mineralized turkey gastrocnemius tendons and mineralized self-assembled type I collagen fibers. Based on analysis of these two systems, we concluded that a simple mineralized fibrillar collagenous substrate can mimic the behavior of a more complex fibrillar collagenous substrate such as mineralized turkey tendon; however, the exact mechanism of mineralization may be different between the two substrates. Changes in mechanical properties of turkey tendon were consistent with a model in which mineralization appears to increase the effective collagen fibril length by efficiently transferring stress between neighboring collagen fibrils. Mineralization in self-assembled collagen fibers increased elastic energy storage less efficiently as compared with turkey tendon suggesting that the noncollagenous components of mineralizing tissue may act to promote collagen fibril to collagen fibril interactions.