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Related Concept Videos

Case Studies01:22

Case Studies

There are many research methods available to psychologists in their efforts to understand, describe, and explain behavior and the cognitive and biological processes that underlie it.
Fundamental Attribution Error01:14

Fundamental Attribution Error

According to some social psychologists, people tend to overemphasize internal factors as explanations—or attributions—for the behavior of other people. They tend to assume that the behavior of another person is a trait of that person, and to underestimate the power of the situation on the behavior of others. They tend to fail to recognize when the behavior of another is due to situational variables, and thus to the person’s state. This erroneous assumption is called the fundamental attribution...
Types of Errors: Detection and Minimization01:12

Types of Errors: Detection and Minimization

Error is the deviation of the obtained result from the true, expected value or the estimated central value. Errors are expressed in absolute or relative terms.
Absolute error in a measurement is the numerical difference from the true or central value. Relative error is the ratio between absolute error and the true or central value, expressed as a percentage.
Errors can be classified by source, magnitude, and sign. There are three types of errors: systematic, random, and gross.
Systematic or...
Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors01:15

Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors

In the case of systematic errors, the sources can be identified, and the errors can be subsequently minimized by addressing these sources. According to the source, systematic errors can be divided into sampling, instrumental, methodological, and personal errors.
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Detection of Gross Error: The Q Test01:00

Detection of Gross Error: The Q Test

When one or more data points appear far from the rest of the data, there is a need to determine whether they are outliers and whether they should be eliminated from the data set to ensure an accurate representation of the measured value. In many cases, outliers arise from gross errors (or human errors) and do not accurately reflect the underlying phenomenon. In some cases, however, these apparent outliers reflect true phenomenological differences. In these cases, we can use statistical methods...
Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects
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Published on: November 30, 2018

Analysis of pronominal errors: a case-study.

Y Oshima-Takane1

  • 1Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, P.Q., Canada.

Journal of Child Language
|February 1, 1992
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This case study shows a young child

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Area of Science:

  • Child language acquisition
  • Developmental linguistics
  • Psycholinguistics

Background:

  • Pronominal errors are common in early child language.
  • Understanding the developmental trajectory of pronoun acquisition is crucial.

Observation:

  • A normally developing boy exhibited consistent pronominal errors between 1;11 and 2;4.
  • Longitudinal analysis of first- and second-person pronoun comprehension and production was conducted from 1;7 to 2;10.

Findings:

  • The child mastered pronoun usage by 2;10.
  • Pronominal errors were primarily attributed to semantic confusion, not imitation.
  • The child confused first-person pronouns (referring to the conversational partner) and second-person pronouns (referring to himself).

Implications:

  • Semantic confusion is a significant factor in early pronominal errors.
  • This case provides insight into the cognitive processes underlying pronoun development.
  • Findings contribute to theories of child language acquisition and self-referential language development.