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Related Concept Videos

Rab Proteins01:14

Rab Proteins

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Rab proteins constitute the largest family of monomeric GTPases, of which 70 members are present in humans. Rab proteins and their effectors regulate consecutive stages of vesicle transport such as vesicle transport, docking, and fusion to the correct recipient membrane.
Rab proteins switch between a cytosolic, GDP-bound inactive state and a membrane-anchored, GTP-bound active state. By themselves, Rabs show slow rates of GDP/GTP exchange and GTP hydrolysis. Thus, Rab proteins are considered...
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The Ras Gene02:38

The Ras Gene

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The Ras-gene-encoded proteins are regulators of signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, or cell survival. The Ras-gene family in humans constitutes three primary members—the HRas, NRas, and KRas. These genes code for four functionally distinct yet closely related proteins—the HRas, NRas, KRas4A, and KRas4B. The involvement of mutant Ras genes in human cancer was first discovered in 1982 and is among the most common causes of human tumorigenesis.
Ras is a...
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Cell Polarization by Rho Proteins01:21

Cell Polarization by Rho Proteins

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Cell polarity is the asymmetric distribution of cellular and membrane components, making one side of the cell different from the other. This polarity is essential to many processes such as embryogenesis, axon migration, glucose transport across epithelial cells, and directional cell migration. A migrating cell responds to intracellular or extracellular signals via molecular cascades that reorganize the actin cytoskeleton to establish this polarity. In these cells, the Rho family proteins Cdc42,...
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Rab Cascades01:25

Rab Cascades

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Rab GTPases act in a regulated cascade during membrane fusion, helping the lipid bilayers mix. The Rab family of proteins are active when bound to GTP, and inactive when bound to GDP. Hence, they act as guanine nucleotide-dependent molecular switches. Rab-GTP recognizes and binds to long or short-range tethering proteins to capture the target vesicle. These tethers coordinate with SNAREs on the vesicle and the target membrane to assemble the trans SNARE complex that locks the mixing bilayers.
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Small GTPases - Ras and Rho01:24

Small GTPases - Ras and Rho

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Ras and Rho are small monomeric GTPases that act downstream of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and regulate various cellular processes. These GTPases switch between active and inactive states by binding to guanine nucleotides.
Three regulatory proteins control their activity:
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MAPK Signaling Cascades01:07

MAPK Signaling Cascades

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Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Photoactivated Localization Microscopy with Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation BiFC-PALM
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Photoactivated Localization Microscopy with Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation BiFC-PALM

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The RAF proteins take centre stage.

Claudia Wellbrock1, Maria Karasarides, Richard Marais

  • 1Signal Transduction Team, Cancer Research UK Centre of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK.

Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
|November 3, 2004
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

RAF proteins, including C-RAF and B-RAF, are crucial in cell signaling. Recent research reveals complex regulation and functions of these protein kinases, particularly B-RAF

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Signaling
  • Oncology

Background:

  • RAF proteins are key regulators of cellular signaling pathways.
  • Historically, research focused on C-RAF as a RAS effector.
  • Emerging evidence highlights B-RAF's role in human cancers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the complex regulation of RAF proteins.
  • To explore the biological functions of RAF protein family members.
  • To emphasize the significance of B-RAF in cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of RAF protein research.
  • Analysis of recent studies on RAF regulation.
  • Synthesis of data on RAF protein functions.

Main Results:

  • RAF protein family comprises C-RAF, B-RAF, and A-RAF.
  • C-RAF is a well-established RAS effector.
  • B-RAF is implicated in various human cancers, driving new research directions.

Conclusions:

  • All RAF protein isoforms are important in cell biology and disease.
  • Understanding RAF protein regulation is critical for therapeutic development.
  • B-RAF's role in cancer necessitates further investigation.