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Updated: Aug 21, 2026

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
Published on: May 15, 2017
Evidence of a first-order phase transition between Wigner-crystal and bubble phases of 2D electrons in higher Landau
Abstract:
For filling factors nu in the range between 4.16 and 4.28, we simultaneously detect two resonances in the real diagonal microwave conductivity of a two-dimensional electron system (2DES) at low temperature T approximately 35 mK. We attribute the resonance to Wigner-crystal and Bubble phases of the 2DES in higher Landau Levels. For nu below and above this range, only single resonances are observed. The coexistence of both phases is taken as evidence of a first-order phase transition. We estimate the transition point as nu=4.22.
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To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
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