Treatment of type D dural carotid-cavernous fistula by embolization followed by irradiation

In a patient with dural carotid-cavernous fistula supplied by meningeal branches of both internal and external carotid arteries, particulate embolization of the meningeal branches of only the external carotid artery failed to cure the fistula. Subsequent radiation therapy achieved clinical and anatomical cure of the lesion.