Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 21, 2026

In Situ Lithiated Reference Electrode: Four Electrode Design for In-operando Impedance Spectroscopy
Published on: September 12, 2018
A probe for immittance spectroscopy based on the parallel electrode technique
J Wtorek1, A Bujnowski, A Poliński
1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland. jaolel@biomed.eti.pg.gda.pl
Abstract:
This paper presents the construction of a probe for immittance spectroscopy. The probe is based on the four-electrode technique. The current application electrodes are long parallel strips and have been partitioned into three segments to measure the immittance of relatively small volumes. The probe constant has been calculated assuming anisotropy of the materials examined. The experiments, based on the measurements of KCl solutions and numerical simulations (finite element method--FEM), have shown a high degree of consistency with the theoretical value. Experimental in vivo measurements on swine gluteal tissue were performed and the conductivity and permittivity reconstructed from these measurements are presented.
More Related Videos
08:10Building Langmuir Probes and Emissive Probes for Plasma Potential Measurements in Low Pressure, Low Temperature Plasmas
Published on: May 25, 2021
09:55Preparation of Janus Particles and Alternating Current Electrokinetic Measurements with a Rapidly Fabricated Indium Tin Oxide Electrode Array
Published on: June 23, 2017
Related Concept Videos
Electrodeposition
Electrodeposition can...
Voltammetric Techniques: Linear-Scan (E vs Time)
Interfacial Electrochemical Methods: Overview
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation
There are three main types of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) instruments: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments, with the latter being less commonly used.