Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 21, 2026

Psychophysiological Assessment of the Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Strategies in Childhood
Published on: February 11, 2017
Early reactions to frustration: developmental trends in anger, individual response styles, and caregiving risk
1Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Services, The Hospital of St Raphael, New Haven, CT, USA. JK3500@aol.com
Problem:
In an effort to examine early negative emotional response patterns, infant responses to frustration were studied with specific regard to anger.
Methods:
Forty infants, 7-9 months (n = 20) and 12-14 months (n = 20) old, were observed in laboratory play situations. Infant affective response as well as maternal behavior were observed. Maternal interviews assessed maternal impressions of infant behavior and affect.
Findings:
Findings revealed increased displays of anger in older infants, evidence of cognitive-affective linkages in response, and individual differences in emotional response style and maternal-infant processes.
Conclusions:
Findings relate to the emergence and interplay of negative emotional response, maternal-infant patterns, and socioemotional risk.
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