Visible light-induced photooxidation of glucose sensitized by riboflavin

We conducted this study to evaluate the oxidation of glucose induced by visible light in the presence of sensitizers such as methylene blue and flavins (i.e., flavin mononucleotide and riboflavin). The concentration of the sensitizers was similar to that of flavin in parenteral nutrients. The photooxidation of glucose sensitized by flavin mononucleotide or riboflavin was greater than that which was observed in the presence of methylene blue, whereas the isotopic effect of deuterium oxide (D(2)O) was enhanced more substantially in the presence of methylene blue than in the presence of flavins. These results show that methylene blue exerts its action through singlet oxygen and that at a high substrate concentration (as was used in this work) flavin mononucleotide and riboflavin act preferentially as type I sensitizers. In the flavin photosensitized processes, the presence of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, and hydroxyl radical was demonstrated. The photooxidation of glucose is favored by an increase in pH, and it also depends on the energy absorbed by the system. By using a specific reagent for glucose (i.e., o-toluidine), it was possible to quantify the photoconversion of glucose. The results obtained in this work should be considered in the management of glucose-containing parenteral nutrients that are exposed to visible light in the presence of a multivitamin complex containing flavin mononucleotide.