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Valence Bond Theory

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment

All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis, the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...

Paramagnetism

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Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions

High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions

Published on: October 10, 2014

Disorder-sensitive phase formation linked to metamagnetic quantum criticality.

S A Grigera¹, P Gegenwart, R A Borzi

¹School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, Scotland. sag2@st-and.ac.uk

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|November 13, 2004

Summary

Researchers found a new quantum phase in strontium ruthenium oxide near a magnetic field-tuned critical point. This nonsuperconducting phase may arise from a spin-dependent distortion of the Fermi surface.

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High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions

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Published on: June 9, 2023

Area of Science:

Condensed matter physics
Quantum materials science

Background:

Strongly interacting electron systems are key to understanding quantum complexity.
Quantum critical points (QCPs) can drive the formation of novel quantum phases.
Superconductivity has been observed near pressure-tuned antiferromagnetic QCPs.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate quantum phase formation near magnetic field-tuned QCPs.
To explore the properties of strontium ruthenium oxide (Sr3Ru2O7) under specific conditions.
To identify new quantum phases beyond superconductivity.

Main Methods:

Experimental tuning of ultrapure Sr3Ru2O7 crystals.
Probing the material's response near a magnetic field-tuned quantum critical point.
Analysis of electronic and magnetic properties.

Main Results:

Experimental evidence for a distinct nonsuperconducting phase in Sr3Ru2O7.
Observation of this phase in proximity to a magnetic field-tuned QCP.
The new phase is not associated with superconductivity.

Conclusions:

A novel quantum phase emerges near a magnetic field-tuned QCP in Sr3Ru2O7.
This phase might be linked to a spin-dependent symmetry-breaking Fermi surface distortion.
Expands the understanding of quantum phase formation beyond superconductivity.