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Birth Control Methods

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Vasectomy is a surgical form of male sterilization that involves severing and sealing the vasa deferentia, preventing sperm from mixing with semen during ejaculation. Because a vasectomy does not impact the testes' ability to produce testosterone, hormone levels, libido, and sexual function generally remain unchanged. While vasectomy is highly effective in preventing pregnancy, with a success rate near 99.85%, rare cases of recanalization (spontaneous reconnection) can occur. Although vasectomy...

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Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Overcoming Unresponsiveness in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) Resistant Mouse Strains by Adoptive Transfer and Antigenic Challenge

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Reversible immunocontraception in male monkeys immunized with eppin.

M G O'rand¹, E E Widgren, P Sivashanmugam

¹Laboratories for Reproductive Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. morand@unc.edu

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|November 13, 2004

Summary

Researchers developed a reversible male contraceptive using a protein called Eppin. Immunizing male monkeys with Eppin led to infertility, with fertility returning after immunization stopped, showing potential for human use.

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Area of Science:

Reproductive biology
Immunology
Contraceptive development

Background:

Limited birth control options exist for men, creating a need for male contraceptives.
Effective, safe, and reversible male contraceptives are crucial for global family planning.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the potential of Eppin immunocontraception in male nonhuman primates.
To assess the efficacy and reversibility of an Eppin-based male contraceptive.

Main Methods:

Male nonhuman primates (Macaca radiata) were immunized with Eppin, a protein specific to the testis and epididymis.
Antibody titers against Eppin were measured.
Fertility was assessed before, during, and after immunization.

Main Results:

Seven out of nine (78%) immunized males developed high antibody titers to Eppin.
All males with high anti-Eppin titers became infertile.
Five out of seven (71%) males with high anti-Eppin titers regained fertility after immunization cessation.

Conclusions:

Male immunocontraception using Eppin is an effective and reversible method.
This approach shows promise for development as a human contraceptive.