The surgical anatomy of ventricular septal defect

There is still no consensus as to how best to categorize and describe interventricular communications. In a series of three reviews, a system will be described showing how the anatomical criteria chosen for categorization will also serve as a guide for surgeons as to the location of the axis responsible for atrioventricular conduction tissue. In this first review, the defects described are not complicated by overriding of arterial or atrioventricular valves and are present in hearts that have basically normal segmental connections, or have some discordant connections (complete transposition or congenitally corrected transposition). The rims of the defect categorize the boundaries to which a surgeon may place a patch. Variations in these rims produce three classes of defect: perimembranous; muscular; and doubly committed and juxtaarterial (subarterial). The second part of the classification recognizes the further variation existing with respect to the component of the morphologically right ventricle into which the defect predominantly empties. Deficient atrioventricular septation can also lead to interventricular shunting in isolation, but the morphology is then quite different from hearts with simple deficiencies of the ventricular septum. We emphasize the abnormal location of the atrioventricular node in hearts with atrioventricular, as opposed to ventricular, septal defects.