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Organotin compounds: toxicokinetic aspects.

Klaus E Appel¹

¹Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany.

Drug Metabolism Reviews

|November 24, 2004

Summary

Organotin compounds, used in plastics and antifouling paints, pose risks to human health, particularly affecting the immune system. Understanding their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) is crucial for assessing these environmental and biological impacts.

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Area of Science:

Environmental Chemistry
Toxicology
Biochemistry

Background:

Organotin compounds are widely used as plastic stabilizers (dialkyltins) and biocides (trisubstituted organotins), such as in marine antifouling paints.
Concerns exist regarding the toxicity of organotins, including carcinogenic, neurotoxic, reproductive, and immune system effects.
Human exposure occurs via contaminated seafood, with dibutyltin (a tributyltin metabolite) detected in human liver samples, confirming bioavailability.

Purpose of the Study:

To review and detail the toxicokinetic (ADME) aspects of organotin compounds.
To focus on organotins relevant to human exposure and toxicological effects.
To identify knowledge gaps in organotin ADME pathways.

Main Methods:

Literature review of existing studies on organotin toxicokinetics.
Inclusion of in vitro studies on metabolism, particularly by the monooxygenase system.
Analysis of data from laboratory animal studies on absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).

Main Results:

Organotin compounds are bioavailable following dietary exposure.
The immune system is a primary target for the toxic effects of di- and trisubstituted organotins in mammals.
Existing ADME studies are often incomplete, necessitating further research for definitive conclusions.

Conclusions:

Organotin compounds exhibit significant toxicological effects, especially on the immune system.
Further comprehensive ADME studies are required to fully understand the risks associated with organotin exposure.
Prioritizing research on organotins with high human exposure and toxicological relevance is essential.

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