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Epistasis

Epistasis

In addition to multiple alleles at the same locus influencing traits, numerous genes or alleles at different locations may interact and influence phenotypes in a phenomenon called epistasis. For example, rabbit fur can be black or brown depending on whether the animal is homozygous dominant or heterozygous at a TYRP1 locus. However, if the rabbit is also homozygous recessive at a locus on the tyrosinase gene (TYR), it will have an unshaded coat that appears white, regardless of its TYRP1...

Position-effect Variegation

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In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.

Incomplete Dominance

Incomplete Dominance

Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.

Complementation Tests

Complementation Tests

A complementation test is a simple cross to identify whether the two mutations are located on the same gene or different genes. It was first performed by Edward Lewis in the 1940s while working on fruit flies. He developed the test to identify the location and arrangement of different mutations on chromosomes.
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Epistasis Analysis

Epistasis Analysis

Although Mendel chose seven unrelated traits in peas to study gene segregation, most traits involve multiple gene interactions that create a spectrum of phenotypes. When the interaction of various genes or alleles at different locations influences a phenotype, this is called epistasis. Epistasis often involves one gene masking or interfering with the expression of another (antagonistic epistasis). Epistasis often occurs when different genes are part of the same biochemical pathway. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Tomato Analyzer: A Useful Software Application to Collect Accurate and Detailed Morphological and Colorimetric Data from Two-dimensional Objects

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Effect of the Colorless non-ripening mutation on cell wall biochemistry and gene expression during tomato fruit

Emma M Eriksson¹, Arnaud Bovy, Ken Manning

¹Warwick HRI, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom.

Plant Physiology

|November 26, 2004

Summary

The Colorless non-ripening (Cnr) mutation in tomato affects cell wall enzyme activity and gene expression during fruit ripening. This mutation leads to altered cell adhesion and gene expression patterns, resembling dehiscence zones.

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Published on: March 11, 2020

Area of Science:

Plant Biology
Molecular Biology
Biochemistry

Background:

The Colorless non-ripening (Cnr) mutation in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) causes premature fruit ripening with cell adhesion defects.
This mutation is a valuable tool for studying fruit ripening and cell separation mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of the Cnr mutation on cell wall-degrading enzyme activity during tomato fruit development and ripening.
To analyze the alterations in ripening-related gene expression patterns caused by the Cnr mutation.

Main Methods:

Real-time PCR and biochemical assays were used to measure enzyme activity and gene expression.
Microarray analysis and differential screening were employed to profile gene expression patterns in wild-type and Cnr fruits.

Main Results:

The Cnr mutation altered the activity and expression of cell wall-degrading enzymes, including polygalacturonase and pectinesterase (PE).
The PE2 isoform was undetectable in Cnr fruits, which showed increased chitinase and peroxidase activity.
Gene expression profiling revealed a significant reduction in ripening-related genes in mature Cnr fruits and premature expression in immature fruits.

Conclusions:

The Cnr mutation profoundly affects cell wall disassembly and the regulation of ripening-related gene expression in tomato.
The observed gene expression patterns in Cnr mutants share similarities with dehiscence and abscission zones, suggesting a conserved mechanism for cell separation.