Early kinetics of antibody response to inactivated influenza vaccine

The aim was to examine the rapidity of haemagglutination inhibiting (HI) antibody response induced by immunization with a current inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine. Five to six sequential serum samples collected in autumn 1992 from each of 68 vaccinees in three age groups were studied for HI antibodies to ten influenza virus strains representing vaccine and epidemic viruses. Geometric mean titres, response rates and protection rates are presented. Response rates of > 70% were overall, but not until two weeks after the vaccination. Significant two- and four-day post-vaccination antibody responses were detected only occasionally. In previously vaccinated persons, average antibody titres to some of the viruses decreased during the first days after the vaccination. In the subsequent samples, the titres remained lower than in persons who were not vaccinated against influenza in preceding years. Protection against influenza infection may be frequently developed not until two weeks after vaccination. This has relevance to prophylactic administration of amantadine and rimantadine when an influenza A outbreak is imminent and the vaccination is late.