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Viral diagnosis by antigen detection techniques.

M Grandien1

  • 1Department of Virology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, S-105 21 Stockholm, Sweden.

Clinical and Diagnostic Virology
|May 1, 1996
PubMed
Summary
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Viral antigen detection tests offer rapid and cost-effective diagnosis of viral infections. Monoclonal antibody-based immunoassays provide quick results, making them valuable tools for early disease detection.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Diagnostic Microbiology

Background:

  • Early diagnosis of viral infections is crucial and can be achieved through direct detection of viral antigens in clinical specimens.
  • Viral antigen detection serves as a vital tool for rapid virus diagnosis, aiding in timely patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the applications and advancements in viral antigen detection methods for diagnosing viral infections.
  • To highlight the advantages of antigen detection tests, particularly with the advent of monoclonal antibodies.

Main Methods:

  • Immunohistological investigation of infected cells and solid-phase immunoassays (IA) for detecting viral antigens in secretions and blood.
  • Immunofluorescence (IF) and immunoperoxidase techniques for detecting cytomegalovirus (CMV) pp65 antigen in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL).

Related Experiment Videos

  • Latex agglutination tests for rapid detection of viruses in fecal samples; Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for nucleic acid detection (mentioned as a comparison).

    • Main Results:

    • Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) have significantly enhanced antigen detection techniques, leading to increased usage.
    • Immunofluorescence (IF) is widely used for diagnosing respiratory viruses and rabies, while CMV pp65 detection via IF is superior for predicting CMV pneumonia in transplant patients.
    • Immunoassays (IAs) are increasingly automated for large-scale serum antigen detection, with Mabs shortening reaction times and enabling rapid diagnostic kits.

    Conclusions:

    • Viral antigen detection tests are increasingly utilized due to their low equipment demands, rapid results, and cost-effectiveness, despite PCR offering higher sensitivity.
    • Mab-based immunoassays have shortened reaction times, leading to the development of rapid, near 'instant test' kits for viral diagnosis.
    • Antigen detection is effective for the rapid diagnosis of numerous viral infections directly from clinical specimens and for identifying viruses in tissue cultures.