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Related Concept Videos

Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.
Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling01:11

Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling

The reaction of weakly electrophilic aryldiazonium (also called arenediazonium) salts with highly activated aromatic compounds leads to the formation of products with an —N=N— link, called an azo linkage. This reaction, presented in Figure 1, is known as diazo coupling and occurs without the loss of the nitrogen atoms of the aryldiazonium salt. Highly activated aromatic compounds such as phenols or arylamines favor the diazo coupling reaction. The coupling generally occurs at the para position.
Complexometric Titration: Overview00:39

Complexometric Titration: Overview

Complexometric titration involves the formation of a complex by reacting a metal ion with one or more ligands. A visual indicator often detects the end point of a complexometric titration. It is added to the metal solution before the titration, forming a stable metal–indicator complex and imparting color to the solution. As the titration approaches the equivalence point, the excess of the added ligand displaces the indicator from the metal–indicator complex, releasing the free indicator. The...
Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is formed in...

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Synthesis, Characterization, and Functionalization of Hybrid Au/CdS and Au/ZnS Core/Shell Nanoparticles
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Cu[Au(CN)2]2(DMSO)2: golden polymorphs that exhibit vapochromic behavior.

Julie Lefebvre1, Raymond J Batchelor, Daniel B Leznoff

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, B.C., Canada, V5A 1S6.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|December 9, 2004
PubMed
Summary

Two polymorphs of a copper-gold coordination polymer exhibit identical vapochromic behavior despite distinct structures. These materials reversibly exchange solvent molecules, demonstrating potential for sensor applications.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Amphiphilic Gold Nanoparticles

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Coordination polymers based on [Au(CN)2]- units are of interest due to their structural diversity and potential applications.
  • Polymorphism, the ability of a solid material to exist in more than one form or crystal structure, can significantly influence material properties.
  • Understanding structure-property relationships is crucial for designing functional materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize two distinct polymorphs of a copper- [Au(CN)2]- based coordination polymer, Cu[Au(CN)2]2(DMSO)2.
  • To investigate the structural differences, magnetic properties, thermal stability, and vapochromic behavior of the identified polymorphs.
  • To explore the solvent exchange capabilities and the structural transformations upon solvent incorporation.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction to determine the solid-state structures of the two polymorphs.
  • Spectroscopic techniques (UV-Vis, IR) to analyze changes associated with solvent incorporation.
  • Thermogravimetric analysis to assess thermal stability.
  • Magnetic susceptibility measurements to probe magnetic coupling.

Main Results:

  • Two polymorphs, green (1) and blue (2), of Cu[Au(CN)2]2(DMSO)2 were identified with different Cu(II) coordination environments (five-coordinate in 1, six-coordinate in 2) and dimensionalities (1-D chains in 1, 2-D sheets in 2).
  • Both polymorphs form 3-D networks via aurophilic interactions and exhibit similar weak antiferromagnetic coupling but different thermal decomposition temperatures.
  • Despite structural differences, both polymorphs display identical vapochromic properties, converting to the same Cu[Au(CN)2]2(solvent)x complex upon solvent exchange.
  • Solvent molecules bind to Cu(II) centers, altering visible spectra and vibrational frequencies (nu(CN)), with reversible solvent exchange observed at room temperature.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully identified and characterized two polymorphs of a copper- [Au(CN)2]- based coordination polymer.
  • The findings highlight that distinct solid-state structures can lead to similar vapochromic responses, driven by solvent binding to metal centers.
  • The flexible coordination of Cu(II) and network-stabilizing aurophilic interactions facilitate reversible vapochromism, suggesting potential for sensing applications.