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Updated: Aug 20, 2026

Preliminary Study on Acupuncture Combined with Grain-sized Moxibustion for Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis with Finger Joint Pain
Published on: May 16, 2025
Pharmacogenetics/pharmacogenomics and antirheumatic drugs in rheumatology
Gianfranco Ferraccioli1, Maria De Santis, Barbara Tolusso
1Division of Rheumatology, Postgraduate School in Rheumatology, Institute of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart-CIC, Via Moscati 31, 00168 Rome, Italy. gf.ferraccioli@rm.unicatt.it
Abstract:
Genomic medicine has raised many expectations with regard to individualized therapies. Drug response is a complex function of many genes interacting with environmental and behavioral factors. In addition, poor prescribing, interactions between drugs and an incomplete understanding of the metabolism of many drugs, which are administered simultaneously to treat concomitant morbidities, are leading causes of the occurrence of adverse drug reactions in chronic non-inflammatory and autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Symptomatic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, as well as disease-modifying drugs, are complicated by drop-outs (poor patient compliance) in a large percentage of patients. Even though intensive and careful monitoring is always clearly advisable, preliminary data suggest that typing of genes controlling the effects, metabolism and response of drugs might be of clinical utility to define the 'at-risk' genotype.
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