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Updated: Aug 13, 2026

Detection of Neu1 Sialidase Activity in Regulating TOLL-like Receptor Activation
Published on: September 8, 2010
Mechanisms of TLR9 activation
Eicke Latz1, Alberto Visintin, Terje Espevik
1Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, LRB 370M, Worcester, MA 01605, USA. eicke.latz@umassmed.edu
Abstract:
Non-methylated CpG-motifs in bacterial or viral DNA are recognized by TLR9 as foreign. The activation of TLR9 by microbial DNA or synthetic oligonucleotides based on these motifs leads to the induction of innate immune responses. We have compared the subcellular localization of fluorescent versions of TLR9 and TLR4 and found that TLR9 is expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum while TLR4 is expressed on the plasma membrane. Fluorescently tagged bacterial DNA or CpG-DNA was observed to traffic to a tubular lysosomal compartment in human pDCs. In stimulated cells, TLR9 translocated to CpG-DNA or microbial DNA containing structures in the endosome, where TLR9 binds to DNA and initiates signaling.
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