[Compression syndromes]

Superior vena cava syndrome is a medical condition determined by the mechanisms of extrinsic compression, invasion or thrombosis of the superior vena cava. The most common underlying cause is a malignant process, especially lung cancer and lymphoma. Typical symptoms include progressive dyspnea, head and upper body edema and cyanosis. Most patients can be treated with appropriately directed chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Accurate diagnosis of the underlying etiology needs to be established before treatment. Only under extreme emergency conditions such as laryngeal or cerebral edema irradiation should be initiated without a histological diagnosis. With the refinement of endovascular stents, percutaneous stenting is being increasingly used as primary treatment modality. Metastatic spinal cord compression is one of the most dreadful complications of cancer. In most patients the initial symptom is progressive back pain with an axial or radicular distribution. MRI should be preferred in the diagnostic work-up, corticosteroids be administered promptly after biopsy. Radiation therapy or surgical treatment should be started as soon as possible.