Aspects of collagen mineralization in hard tissue formation

Collagen is the dominant fibrous protein not only in connective tissues but also in hard tissues, bone, dentin, cementum, and even the mineralizing cartilage of the epiphyseal growth plate. It comprises about 80-90% (by weight) of the organic substance in demineralized dentin and bone. When collagen fibers are arranged in parallel to form thicker bundles, as in lamellar bone and cementum, interior regions may be less mineralized; in dentin, however, the collagen fibers form a network and collagen fibers are densely filled with a mineral substance. In the biomineralization of collagen fibers in hard tissues, matrix vesicles play a fundamental role in the induction of crystal formation. The mineralization of matrix vesicles precedes the biomineralization of the collagen fibrils and the intervening ground substance. In addition, immobilized noncollagenous fibrous macromolecules, bound in a characteristic way to the fibrous collagen surface, initiate, more intensely than collagen, mineral nucleation in the hard tissue matrix.