Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 20, 2026
Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations
Published on: July 1, 2015
Recording auditory steady-state responses in young infants
M Sasha John1, David K Brown, Patricia J Muir
1Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. sjohn@rotmen-bayorest.on.ca
Insights
Mixed-modulated (MM) and exponentially-modulated (AM2) tones yield larger auditory steady-state responses in infants, improving hearing test reliability. Testing older infants (3-15 weeks) offers more accurate results than newborns.
Area of Science:
- Auditory Neuroscience
- Developmental Audiology
Background:
- Auditory steady-state responses (ASSRs) are crucial for infant hearing assessment.
- Different modulation types can influence ASSR amplitude and detection.
Purpose of the Study:
- To compare ASSRs evoked by amplitude-modulated (AM), mixed-modulated (MM), exponentially-modulated (AM2), and frequency-modulated (FM) tones in newborns and young infants.
- To determine if MM and AM2 stimuli enhance response detectability compared to AM and FM stimuli.
Main Methods:
- ASSRs were recorded in 50 newborn and 20 older infants (3-15 weeks) using simultaneous bilateral auditory stimuli at 50 dB SPL.
- Four carrier frequencies (500, 1000, 2000, 4000 Hz) and modulation rates of 78-95 Hz were used.
- Stimuli included 100% AM, MM (100% AM + 20% FM), AM2, and in some cases, 20% FM.
Main Results:
- MM and AM2 stimuli produced 15% larger responses than AM stimuli in newborns, with detection rates of 73-76% versus 67% for AM.
- Older infants showed 17% larger responses with MM/AM2 compared to AM, with detection rates of 82-84%.
- Responses were generally larger and more detectable in older infants (3-15 weeks) than in newborns, with 500 Hz yielding lower amplitudes and detection rates.
Conclusions:
- MM and AM2 tones elicit larger ASSRs than AM tones, enhancing the reliability and efficiency of infant audiometry.
- Hearing assessment using ASSRs is more reliable in infants aged 3-15 weeks than in the immediate neonatal period.
- Postponing comprehensive frequency-specific hearing tests until after the neonatal period may improve accuracy.
Objectives:
This study examined the auditory steady-state responses evoked by amplitude-modulated (AM), mixed-modulated (MM), exponentially-modulated (AM2), and frequency-modulated (FM) tones in 50 newborn infants (within 3 days of birth) and in 20 older infants (within 3-15 wk of birth). Our hypothesis was that MM and AM2 tonal stimuli would evoke larger responses than either the AM or FM tones, and that this increased size would make the responses more readily detectable.
Design:
Multiple auditory steady-state responses were recorded to four tonal stimuli presented simultaneously to each ear at 50 dB SPL. The carrier frequencies of the stimuli were 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz and the modulation rates were between 78 and 95 Hz. Recordings lasting 12 minutes were obtained for each of the three types of modulation: 100% AM, MM (100% AM and 20% FM) and AM2. In six infants, responses to 20% FM were also recorded.
Results:
In newborn infants, MM and AM2 stimuli produced responses that were on average 15% larger than AM stimuli. For AM, MM, and AM2 stimuli, the percentage of significant responses was 67%, 73%, 76%, respectively. Responses to FM stimuli were clearly evident in newborn infants and were about half the amplitude of the AM responses. Responses recorded in the older infants were 17% larger when evoked by MM and AM2 stimuli, rather than AM stimuli. Responses in the older infants were, on average, 32% larger and showed a higher incidence of significant responses than for infants in the first 3 days of life. For AM, MM, and AM2 stimuli, the percentage of significant responses was 82%, 82%, 84%, respectively. In both newborn and older infants, the overall percentage of significant responses was decreased by the 500 Hz results, which showed lower amplitudes and were less frequently detected than responses evoked by other frequencies.
Conclusions:
The responses to MM and AM2 tones were larger than those evoked by AM tones. Using these stimuli will increase the reliability and efficiency of evoked potential audiometry in infancy. Responses at 50 dB SPL are more easily detected at 3-15 wk of age than in the first few days after birth. Comprehensive frequency-specific testing of hearing using steady-state responses will likely be more accurate if postponed until after the immediate neonatal period.
