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The coronavirus replicase.

J Ziebuhr1

  • 1Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str 7, 97078 Würzburg, Germany. j.ziebuhr@mail.uni-wuerzburg.de

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology
|December 22, 2004
PubMed
Summary

Coronaviruses use a large viral replicase complex for genome replication and transcription. This complex possesses unique RNA processing enzymes, aiding in the synthesis of subgenomic mRNAs and replication of large RNA genomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Coronavirus genome replication and transcription occur at cytoplasmic membranes.
  • These processes involve continuous and discontinuous RNA synthesis mediated by the viral replicase complex.
  • The replicase complex comprises viral and cellular proteins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the organization of the coronavirus replicase gene.
  • To discuss the proteolytic processing of the replicase by viral proteases.
  • To present functional and structural information on individual replicase subunits and their subcellular localization.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on coronavirus replicase gene organization.
  • Analysis of proteolytic processing pathways.
  • Compilation of functional and structural data for replicase subunits (proteases, RNA helicase, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase).
  • Investigation of subcellular localization of RNA synthesis proteins.

Main Results:

  • The coronavirus replicase gene encodes a large protein complex.
  • Replicase subunits include common RNA virus enzymes (polymerase, helicase, protease) and unique RNA processing enzymes.
  • Specific enzymes like endoribonuclease, exoribonuclease, and methyltransferase are predicted.
  • Subcellular localization studies reveal the sites of viral RNA synthesis.

Conclusions:

  • Coronavirus replicase utilizes a unique set of enzymatic activities for RNA synthesis.
  • These viruses replicate the largest known RNA virus genomes.
  • Further investigation is needed to elucidate all molecular details of the coronavirus life cycle.

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