Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

48.9K
The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
48.9K
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

2.4K
The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
2.4K
Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

5.1K
The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
5.1K
Menopause01:28

Menopause

5.0K
Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
5.0K
Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

3.7K
Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...
3.7K
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

23
Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
23

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Association between central adiposity and cognitive domain function in recently postmenopausal women: an analysis from the KEEPS-Cog substudy of the Kronos Early Estrogen Preventive Study.

Menopause (New York, N.Y.)·2025
Same author

Prolonging youth or prolonging perimenopause? Beware the Monkey's Paw.

Menopause (New York, N.Y.)·2025
Same author

Cost-effectiveness analysis of expectant vs active management for treatment of persistent pregnancies of unknown location.

American journal of obstetrics and gynecology·2024
Same author

Expression of glucocorticoid and androgen receptors in bone marrow-derived hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic murine endometrial cells.

F&S science·2022
Same author

Pre-IVF treatment with a GnRH antagonist in women with endometriosis (PREGNANT): study protocol for a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

BMJ open·2022
Same author

Cardiometabolic measures and cognition in early menopause - Analysis of baseline data from a randomized controlled trial.

Maturitas·2022

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

A Method to Study the Impact of Chemically-induced Ovarian Failure on Exercise Capacity and Cardiac Adaptation in Mice
14:26

A Method to Study the Impact of Chemically-induced Ovarian Failure on Exercise Capacity and Cardiac Adaptation in Mice

Published on: April 7, 2014

16.6K

Menopause and hypothalamic-pituitary sensitivity to estrogen.

Gerson Weiss1, Joan H Skurnick, Laura T Goldsmith

  • 1Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, New Jersey Medical School of UMDNJ, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.

JAMA
|December 23, 2004
PubMed
Summary

Menopause onset may involve brain changes, not just ovaries. Older women show altered brain responses to estrogen, leading to menopausal symptoms like hot flashes, suggesting central nervous system involvement in menopause.

More Related Videos

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
06:18

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Published on: August 13, 2019

11.7K
Author Spotlight: Investigating the Relationship Between FSH and Pathophysiological Changes in Perimenopausal Women - Insights from a Mouse Model
05:32

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Relationship Between FSH and Pathophysiological Changes in Perimenopausal Women - Insights from a Mouse Model

Published on: August 11, 2023

2.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 28, 2026

A Method to Study the Impact of Chemically-induced Ovarian Failure on Exercise Capacity and Cardiac Adaptation in Mice
14:26

A Method to Study the Impact of Chemically-induced Ovarian Failure on Exercise Capacity and Cardiac Adaptation in Mice

Published on: April 7, 2014

16.6K
An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
06:18

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Published on: August 13, 2019

11.7K
Author Spotlight: Investigating the Relationship Between FSH and Pathophysiological Changes in Perimenopausal Women - Insights from a Mouse Model
05:32

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Relationship Between FSH and Pathophysiological Changes in Perimenopausal Women - Insights from a Mouse Model

Published on: August 11, 2023

2.6K

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Women's Health

Background:

  • Menopause onset traditionally attributed to ovarian failure and oocyte depletion.
  • Emerging evidence suggests central nervous system (CNS) involvement in perimenopausal symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate modifications in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis response to estrogen feedback in older reproductive-age women.
  • To determine if altered feedback mechanisms contribute to the onset of menopause.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) cohort, focusing on 160 women without luteal activity.
  • Daily urinary hormone monitoring of estrogen and progesterone metabolites, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

Main Results:

  • Identified three groups based on estrogen and LH surge patterns; no age or ethnicity differences.
  • Women with estrogen increases but no LH surge, or neither, reported more menopausal symptoms (hot flashes).
  • Demonstrated impaired estrogen-positive and negative feedback on LH secretion in aging perimenopausal women, indicating anovulatory cycles.

Conclusions:

  • Findings suggest hypothalamic-pituitary insensitivity to estrogen in aging perimenopausal women.
  • This central mechanism may contribute to the menopausal transition and associated symptoms.