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Cumulative sperm whale bone damage and the bends.

Michael J Moore¹, Greg A Early

¹Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. mmoore@whoi.edu

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|December 25, 2004

Summary

Deep-diving marine animals like whales may experience bone damage, known as dysbaric osteonecrosis, due to nitrogen gas issues. This condition could influence their diving behaviors and responses to stressors.

Area of Science:

Paleontology
Marine Biology
Veterinary Pathology
Diving Physiology

Background:

Dysbaric osteonecrosis, or "the bends," affects divers (including ancient marine reptiles and humans) due to nitrogen embolism.
This condition involves bone tissue death caused by gas bubbles in end arteries.
Previous research has identified this condition in various diving species, suggesting a common physiological challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the occurrence and potential causes of dysbaric osteonecrosis in sperm whales.
To determine if there is a correlation between whale size and the development of osteonecrosis.
To explore the implications of dysbarism for marine mammal diving behavior and responses to anthropogenic stressors.

Main Methods:

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Examination of bone articulations, deltoid crests, and nasal bones in 16 sperm whales of varying ages.
Analysis of samples from both Pacific and Atlantic Ocean specimens spanning 111 years.
Pathophysiological diagnosis to confirm dysbarism as the likely cause of observed bone lesions.

Main Results:

Osteonecrosis was observed in a size-related manner in sperm whales, affecting specific bone areas.
The widespread occurrence across different oceans and time periods strongly indicated dysbarism.
Findings suggest that the risk of decompression sickness may limit extreme diving depths.

Conclusions:

Dysbaric osteonecrosis is a significant pathological condition in sperm whales, linked to their diving physiology.
The need to avoid decompression sickness likely influences diving patterns, including periodic shallow dives.
Acoustic stressors, such as sonar, may precipitate rapid ascents, leading to gas emboli and potentially fatal decompression sickness.