Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 20, 2026

Endotracheal Intubation via Tracheotomy and Subsequent Thoracotomy in Rats for Non-Survival Applications
Published on: March 15, 2024
Time to intubation and survival in prehospital cardiac arrest
Bradley D Shy1, Thomas D Rea, Linda J Becker
1School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Objective:
To examine the correlation between time to paramedic intubation and survival after prehospital cardiac arrest.
Methods:
This was a retrospective cohort study of 693 patients who had paramedic endotracheal intubation for prehospital cardiac arrest in King County, Washington (excluding Seattle), between January 1991 and May 2003. Based on the time from patient collapse until intubation, cases were divided into quartiles. Survival in the slower three quartiles (defined as "slow intubation") was compared with survival in the fastest quartile (defined as "quick intubation").
Results:
In the quick intubation group (intubation time < or = 12 minutes), 46% of the patients survived; in the slow intubation group (intubation time > or = 13 minutes), 23% of the patients survived. Logistic regression was used to adjust for possible confounders that affect survival: age, gender, location, bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation, cardiac rhythm, emergency medical technician response time, and paramedic response time. The fully adjusted odds ratio of survival for the slow intubation group compared with the quick intubation group was 0.42 (95% confidence interval 0.26, 0.69).
Conclusions:
This study is the first of its kind to compare survival with the time interval until an aspect of advanced life support is performed. These findings suggest that faster intubation times may increase odds of survival in prehospital cardiac arrest. Future prospective studies are merited to further understand this association.
Related Concept Videos
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation V: Advanced Airway Management Techniques
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation I: Adult
Endotracheal Tube Extubation
Procedure
Extubation removes the endotracheal tube (ETT) from the patient on mechanical ventilation. It requires a well-coordinated, multidisciplinary approach involving physicians, nurses, respiratory therapists, and other healthcare professionals.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation II: ACLS Airway Management
Endotracheal Intubation II: Nursing Management
1. Nursing Care of Patients Before Intubation
Before the endotracheal intubation procedure, nurses play an essential role in ensuring the process goes smoothly. The nurses must be familiar with intubation...
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation IV: Pharmacological Management
