Experimental and numerical analyses of the steady flow field around an aortic Björk-Shiley standard valve prosthesis

To develop a numerical method for the description of the flow field around a Björk-Shiley (BS) standard valve prosthesis in aortic position, detailed experimental measurements and numerical calculations are performed under steady flow conditions. The experiment was conducted at Reynolds numbers up to 800. In order to perform LDA measurement of velocity in the vicinity of the valve with a curved sinus boundary, a mixture of oil and kerosine was used as the fluid which exactly matches the refractive index of the perspex aortic model. The velocity profiles at six positions in the vicinity and downstream of the valve were measured, including both axial and radial velocity components. The results show very clearly the existence of two nearly symmetric spiral vortex streams downstream of the valve. There is no recirculation area in the aorta downstream and also no obvious stagnation area in the minor orifice region near the valve when Re less than or equal to 800. Theoretically, the flow field of a BS valve is simulated by the flow pattern around a circular plate with an angle of incidence to the approaching stream. The numerical calculations were carried out by means of a 2-D model using the FEM together with the penalty function method. The maximum Reynolds number is 700. The results agree with the experimental results in the plane of symmetry when the Reynolds number is small. However, as the Reynolds number increases, the difference becomes evident. Our conclusion is that the steady flow field of a BS valve is completely 3-dimensional, featured by two spiral vortices. It cannot be simulated exactly by 2-D numerical calculations. To get more detailed and complete information about the flow field of this valve, 3-D numerical calculations are needed.