Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 20, 2026
Herbs-Partitioned Moxibustion on the Navel in a Rat Model of Primary Dysmenorrhea with Cold Coagulation and Blood Stasis
Published on: October 4, 2024
Estimating direct and indirect costs of premenstrual syndrome
Jeff Borenstein1, Chiun-Fang Chiou, Bonnie Dean
1Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Objective:
To quantify the economic impact of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) on the employer.
Methods:
Data were collected from 374 women aged 18-45 with regular menses. Direct costs were quantified using administrative claims of these patients and the Medicare Fee Schedule. Indirect costs were quantified by both self-reported days of work missed and lost productivity at work. Regression analyses were used to develop a model to project PMS-related direct and indirect costs.
Results:
A total of 29.6% (n = 111) of the participants were diagnosed with PMS. A PMS diagnosis was associated with an average annual increase of $59 in direct costs (P < 0.026) and $4333 in indirect costs per patient (P < 0.0001) compared with patients without PMS.
Conclusions:
A PMS diagnosis correlated with a modest increase in direct medical costs and a large increase in indirect costs.
