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Structures of Solids

Structures of Solids

Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...

Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability. Many...

Valence Bond Theory

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...

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Updated: Jun 11, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Structure and properties of high stability geminal dicationic ionic liquids.

Jared L Anderson¹, Rongfang Ding, Arkady Ellern

¹Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.

Journal of the American Chemical Society

|January 13, 2005

Summary

New geminal dicationic ionic liquids (ILs) exhibit enhanced thermal stability and liquid ranges, surpassing conventional ILs. Their properties depend on cation structure, linkage, and anion choice.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Physical Chemistry
Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

Ionic liquids (ILs) are salts with low melting points, widely studied for their tunable properties.
Conventional ILs often have limitations in thermal stability and liquid range, restricting their applications.
Geminal dicationic ILs offer a unique structural motif with potential for improved characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize and characterize a series of geminal dicationic ionic liquids (ILs).
To investigate the influence of structural variations (dication type, linkage chain, anion) on physicochemical properties.
To evaluate the thermal and liquid range stability of these novel ILs.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of 39 geminal dicationic ILs featuring imidazolium or pyrrolidinium cations linked by hydrocarbon chains.
Characterization of physicochemical properties: surface tension, density, melting point, refractive index, viscosity, and miscibility.
X-ray crystallography was employed to study the solid-state structure and conformational flexibility.

Main Results:

Geminal dicationic ILs demonstrated significantly enhanced liquid and thermal stability ranges, with one example stable from -4 to >400 °C.
Physicochemical properties were found to be dependent on the dication structure, linkage chain length, and anion type.
X-ray crystallography revealed conformational diversity within the dicationic moieties, potentially correlating with melting points.

Conclusions:

Geminal dicationic ILs represent a promising class of ionic liquids with superior thermal and liquid range stability.
Structural modifications offer a pathway to fine-tune their properties for specific applications.
Solvation behavior of geminal dicationic ILs is comparable to their monocationic counterparts.