Estimation of the four-wave mixing noise probability-density function by the multicanonical Monte Carlo method
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Updated: Aug 20, 2026

The Frequency Domain Thermoreflectance Technique for Thermal Property Measurements
Published on: December 5, 2025
Ioannis Neokosmidis1, Thomas Kamalakis, Aristides Chipouras
1Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Ilissia, Athens GR-15784, Greece. i.neokosmidis@di.uoa.gr
Abstract:
The performance of high-powered wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) optical networks can be severely degraded by four-wave-mixing- (FWM-) induced distortion. The multicanonical Monte Carlo method (MCMC) is used to calculate the probability-density function (PDF) of the decision variable of a receiver, limited by FWM noise. Compared with the conventional Monte Carlo method previously used to estimate this PDF, the MCMC method is much faster and can accurately estimate smaller error probabilities. The method takes into account the correlation between the components of the FWM noise, unlike the Gaussian model, which is shown not to provide accurate results.
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