The first glacial maximum in North America
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Updated: Jul 22, 2026

Ice Generation and the Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena of Introducing Water to a Cold Bath of Brine
Published on: March 13, 2017
Greg Balco1, Charles W Rovey, John O H Stone
1Quaternary Research Center and Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98915, USA. balcs@u.washington.edu
Abstract:
Despite marine evidence for at least 50 Pliocene-Pleistocene ice sheet advances, only the most recent one has been accurately reconstructed from terrestrial evidence, because there are few techniques for dating older glacial deposits. Here we show that the cosmic ray-produced nuclides beryllium-10 and aluminum-26 can be used to date tills that overlie paleosols.
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