Examining the healthy immigrant effect in mid- to later life: findings from the Canadian Community Health Survey

Recent studies have established that a healthy immigrant effect operates in Canada-immigrants are generally healthier than Canadian-born persons-but that this effect tends to diminish over time, as the health of immigrants converges to the Canadian norm. Although this effect has been examined by place of birth, language, marital status, socio-economic status, charter-language ability, and category of immigrant status in Canada, less is known about the healthy immigrant effect at different stages of the life course, particularly in mid- to later adulthood, stages at which there is an increased likelihood of decline in physical and mental health status. This study examines how age at immigration affects the health of mid- to later-life immigrants, compared to Canadian-born persons, using data from the 2000-2001 Canadian Community Health Survey. These data indicate that the healthy immigrant effect applies to later mid-life immigrants; that is, new immigrants-those who immigrated less than 10 years ago-aged 45 to 64 have better health than their longer-term counterparts-those who immigrated 10 or more years ago-whose health status is similar to that of Canadian-born persons. Interestingly, a different picture emerges in old age (65 years and over), where recent immigrants have poorer overall health compared to Canadian-born persons. When a number of socio-demographic, socio-economic, and health behaviour factors are controlled, however, this disadvantage largely disappears. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for Canadian health care policy and program planning for immigrants in the latter stages of the life course.