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Uric acid, evolution and primitive cultures.

Richard J Johnson1, Srinivas Titte, J Robert Cade

  • 1Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Transplantation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA. johnsrj@medicine.ufl.edu

Seminars in Nephrology
|January 22, 2005
PubMed
Summary

High uric acid levels, potentially linked to dietary changes and a human genetic mutation, may contribute to the global hypertension epidemic. This review explores the connection between uric acid and rising blood pressure worldwide.

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Area of Science:

  • Human evolution
  • Epidemiology
  • Metabolic disorders

Background:

  • Hypertension affects 25% of the global population, causing stroke, heart failure, and kidney disease.
  • The rise in hypertension frequency correlates with Western dietary changes.
  • Elevated serum uric acid is increasingly recognized as a factor in metabolic syndrome.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence linking uric acid to the cause and epidemiology of hypertension.
  • To explore the evolutionary basis for higher uric acid levels in humans.
  • To examine the association between Western diet, uric acid, and hypertension.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on uric acid, genetics, diet, and hypertension.
  • Analysis of evolutionary changes in uric acid metabolism.

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  • Examination of epidemiological data correlating dietary patterns with hypertension prevalence.

    • Main Results:

    • A Miocene mutation in uricase may have increased serum uric acid in early hominoids, potentially to raise blood pressure on low-sodium diets.
    • Westernization, characterized by increased red meat intake, is associated with higher serum uric acid levels.
    • Hyperuricemia and gout are linked to the concurrent epidemics of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension.

    Conclusions:

    • Serum uric acid may play a significant role in the pathogenesis and epidemiology of hypertension.
    • Understanding the uric acid-hypertension link is crucial for addressing global health crises.
    • Further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanisms by which uric acid influences blood pressure.