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Updated: Aug 9, 2026
A Protocol to Evaluate and Quantify Retinal Pigmented Epithelium Pathologies in Mouse Models of Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Published on: March 10, 2023
Macular microholes: pathogenesis and natural history
H J Zambarakji1, P Schlottmann, V Tanner
1Vitreoretinal Department, Moorfields Eye Hospital, 162 City Road, London EC1V 2PD, UK. HZ@meei_harvard.edu
Aims:
To study the natural history and evaluate optical coherence tomography (OCT) and the retinal thickness analyser (RTA) in patients with macular microholes.
Methods:
The medical records of 22 patients with a well demarcated red intraretinal foveal or juxtafoveal defect were reviewed. Fluorescein angiography (FA), RTA, and OCT were performed. The main outcome measures were visual acuity (VA), and OCT and RTA characteristics of microholes. Long term follow up was available in 13 eyes of 12 patients.
Results:
The patients had a mean age of 50 years and a mean refractive error of -0.93 dioptres. The presenting symptom was a central scotoma in 14 eyes and metamorphopsia in eight eyes. All patients had a corrected VA ranging from 20/16 to 20/125, with 20 out of 24 eyes (83%) having a VA > or =20/40. Symptoms remained stable or improved in 16 out of 22 patients (72%). OCT 2 findings were normal but an abnormality of the outer retina and/or a defect of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) were demonstrated on OCT 3 in 15 of 18 eyes (83%). The RTA topographic map demonstrated a defect at the site of the microhole in two out of 12 eyes.
Conclusion:
Although biomicroscopic examination suggested an inner foveal defect, the OCT 3 scans demonstrated a localised abnormality of the outer retina and/or RPE which could not be resolved using OCT 2. Macular microholes have a favourable long term prognosis with stable VA. Bilateral involvement is uncommon.
