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Approach-avoidance and happiness indicators in natural environments: a preliminary analysis of the Stimulus
Ashley J Smith1, Elson M Bihm, Poonam Tavkar
1Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0308, USA.
Abstract:
Two studies assessed the reliability and utility of the Stimulus Preference Coding System (SPCS) to measure approach, avoidance, and happy and unhappy behaviors in persons with developmental disorders. Study 1 took place in an institutional setting. The nine participants were all adults with mental retardation and multiple associated disabilities. Inter-observer reliability ranged from 72% to 100%. Study 2 took place in an after-school setting. The four participants were children diagnosed with autism and mental retardation. Inter-observer agreement ranged from 70% to 91%. Approach and avoidance behaviors were a function of staff person and task. The SPCS may be useful in identifying reinforcers, promoting happiness, analyzing task and staff effects, and clarifying the relationship of stimulus preference to psychopathology.
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