[Genetic manipulation and the study of the protozoan parasite Leishmania]

During the last 15 years, many aspects of the functional genomics of Leishmania have been revealed due to advances in DNA transfection, gene disruption and complementation through homologous recombination, and efficient strategies for the selection of transfected cells. These strategies have provided information about gene expression and protein function in the context of the intact parasite. The genome of Leishmania shows a marked deficiency of known transcription initiation factors, and gene expression is regulated almost entirely at the post-transcriptional level through trans-splicing of mRNAs and novel control mechanisms involving differential processing of 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTRs) of mRNAs. Therefore, gene transfection represents a useful tool for the identification and functional analysis of genes of interest as well as the mechanisms that direct their regulation. The development of genetic manipulation systems has provided opportunities for the study of genes involved in virulence, intracellular survival and drug resistance of Leishmania, as well as for the functional validation of specific parasite proteins as new chemo- and immunotherapeutic targets. The current review presents recent advances in genetic manipulations that permit structural, functional and phenotypic analyses and by means of gene deletion and complementation using the methods of gene transfection.