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Related Concept Videos

Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic01:26

Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) occur in a healthcare facility while a person receives care for another ailment. This category also includes work-related infections among healthcare staff.
HAIs significantly increase the cost of health care. Extended stays in healthcare institutions, increased disability, increased costs of medications, including specialized antibiotics, and prolonged recovery times add to the patient's expenses and the healthcare institution and funding bodies. Common...
Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

Development of the Oral Microbiota

The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
Bacterial Meningitis01:24

Bacterial Meningitis

Bacterial meningitis is a severe infectious disease involving inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It occurs when pathogenic bacteria cross the blood–brain barrier and enter the cerebrospinal fluid. Common causative organisms include Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli K1. The exact route of entry varies by pathogen and host condition.Routes of Entry...
Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
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Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats
07:36

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Published on: November 20, 2015

Early onset neonatal sepsis.

Betty Chacko1, Inderpreet Sohi

  • 1Neonatology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India. bettychacko@hotmail.com

Indian Journal of Pediatrics
|February 3, 2005
PubMed
Summary

Maternal risk factors significantly predict early onset sepsis (EOS) in neonates, even those with prematurity or low birth weight. Screening asymptomatic infants is only necessary if maternal risk factors are present.

Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Perinatology

Background:

  • Early onset sepsis (EOS) is a significant cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality.
  • Identifying reliable risk factors for EOS is crucial for timely intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate maternal risk factors associated with EOS.
  • To describe the clinical and bacteriological characteristics of EOS in a tertiary care setting.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of neonatal case records.
  • Diagnosis of EOS based on clinical signs within 72 hours or positive blood/CSF cultures with maternal risk factors.
  • Statistical analysis using Odds Ratio, Chi-square, and Fisher's exact tests.

Main Results:

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Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats
07:36

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Published on: November 20, 2015

A Controlled Mouse Model for Neonatal Polymicrobial Sepsis
14:54

A Controlled Mouse Model for Neonatal Polymicrobial Sepsis

Published on: January 27, 2019

A Neonatal Imaging Model of Gram-Negative Bacterial Sepsis
08:46

A Neonatal Imaging Model of Gram-Negative Bacterial Sepsis

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  • EOS incidence was 20.7 per 1000 live births, comprising 55.4% of overall sepsis.
  • Significant EOS risk factors included prolonged rupture of membranes, foul liquor, midwife handling, and maternal UTI (p < 0.05).
  • Culture-proven EOS showed Pseudomonas as the most common isolate (60%); case fatality rate was 19.4%.

Conclusions:

  • Maternal risk factors are key indicators for EOS screening, even in high-risk neonates (preterm, LBW, asphyxiated).
  • Targeted screening based on maternal factors can optimize resource allocation.
  • Understanding causative organisms aids in prompt, effective treatment to reduce neonatal mortality.