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ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

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Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
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ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias I: Sinus Arrhythmias01:16

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Arrhythmias are disturbances in the heart's rhythm that lead to abnormal heartbeats. These irregularities can originate from different parts of the heart and are classified based on their origin and nature.
Types of Arrhythmias
Sinus Node Arrhythmias
Sinus Bradycardia: Originating from the sinoatrial (SA) node, sinus bradycardia involves slower impulses, resulting in a heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute (bpm). Causes include sleep, vagal stimulation, beta-blockers, hypothyroidism,...
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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias01:28

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Arrhythmias are irregular heart rhythms occurring when the heart's electrical impulses become abnormal. These disturbances can lead to various symptoms, depending on their severity and the underlying cause. Some common factors contributing to arrhythmias include hypoxia, ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, excessive catecholamine exposure, drug toxicity, and muscle overstretching. Arrhythmias can be classified into two main types based on the rate and site of origin of abnormal heart rhythms.
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Sometimes, there is a need to convert from one unit to another one. For instance, reading a cookbook in which quantities are expressed in units of liters or ounces may require conversion of quantities to cups. Or, when looking up directions on how to get to a location, we may be interested to know how many miles we are going to walk. In this case, we would have to convert units of feet or meters to miles.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Rat Model of Right-Sided Cardiac Remodeling and Arrhythmia Using Pulmonary Artery Banding
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Rat Model of Right-Sided Cardiac Remodeling and Arrhythmia Using Pulmonary Artery Banding

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Fontan conversion with arrhythmia surgery.

Woong-Han Kim1, Hong Gook Lim, Jeong Ryul Lee

  • 1Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-Dong, Chongno-Gu Seoul 110-799, Korea.

European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery : Official Journal of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery
|February 5, 2005
PubMed
Summary

Fontan conversion surgery with arrhythmia treatment is safe and effective for improving heart function and reducing arrhythmias in Fontan patients. Most patients require a permanent pacemaker after the procedure.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Pediatric Cardiac Surgery
  • Electrophysiology

Background:

  • Hemodynamic abnormalities and refractory atrial arrhythmias are common complications after Fontan operations, leading to significant morbidity and mortality.
  • Fontan conversion surgery aims to address these issues, but its efficacy with concomitant arrhythmia surgery requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the experience with Fontan conversion and concomitant arrhythmia surgery in patients with late sequelae of the Fontan operation.
  • To evaluate the safety, efficacy, and long-term outcomes of this combined surgical approach.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective review of 16 patients who underwent Fontan conversion and arrhythmia surgery between 1996 and 2004.
  • Procedures included Fontan conversion to an extracardiac conduit or intracardiac lateral tunnel, with arrhythmia surgery (isthmus cryoablation or right-sided maze) and permanent pacemaker implantation in select cases.

Main Results:

  • No mortality was observed. All patients improved to New York Heart Association functional class I or II.
  • At a mean follow-up of 26.9 months, 16 patients maintained sinus rhythm, with only 2 experiencing transient, well-controlled atrial flutter. Two patients required permanent pacemakers during follow-up.

Conclusions:

  • Fontan conversion combined with arrhythmia surgery and permanent pacemaker placement is a safe and effective strategy.
  • This approach significantly improves functional class and demonstrates a low incidence of recurrent arrhythmias, with a high likelihood of requiring permanent pacemakers.