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Gender differences in head-neck segment dynamic stabilization during head acceleration.

Ryan T Tierney1, Michael R Sitler, C Buz Swanik

  • 1Biokinetics Research Laboratory, Athletic Training Division, Department of Kinesiology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA. rtierney@temple.edu

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
|February 5, 2005
PubMed
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Females experience greater head acceleration and displacement during impacts due to differences in head-neck segment strength and mechanics. This study investigated the biomechanical factors contributing to higher concussion risk in females.

Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Sports Medicine
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Epidemiological studies indicate higher concussion incidence in females.
  • The underlying biomechanical reasons for this gender disparity remain largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate gender differences in head-neck segment kinematics and neuromuscular responses to external forces.
  • To determine if these differences contribute to the observed higher concussion rates in females.

Main Methods:

  • Forty physically active volunteers (20 females, 20 males) were subjected to controlled head impacts.
  • Kinematic, electromyography (EMG), head-neck segment stiffness, and isometric strength were measured.
  • Analyses included multivariate and univariate ANOVAs and t-tests.

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Main Results:

  • Females showed significantly greater peak angular acceleration (50%) and displacement (39%) than males.
  • Females initiated muscle activity earlier (SCM only) and utilized more of their maximum muscle capacity.
  • Lower female isometric strength, neck girth, and head mass correlated with reduced head-neck segment stiffness.

Conclusions:

  • Significant gender differences exist in head-neck dynamic stabilization during head acceleration.
  • These biomechanical factors, including reduced strength and stiffness in females, may explain their increased susceptibility to concussion.