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Related Concept Videos

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity, and disease...
The Oral Microbiota01:27

The Oral Microbiota

The oral microbiome includes a complex ecosystem comprising over 700 microbial species, identified through genomic sequencing and culture-based analyses to date. This community includes a core microbiome, found universally among individuals, and a variable component influenced by environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, and host genetics. Site-specific conditions, including oxygen gradients, pH levels, and nutrient availability, determine the spatial distribution of these microorganisms...
Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Functions of the Gut Microbiota

The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota

The human gut microbiome includes a diverse array of microbial species, including beneficial commensals and opportunistic pathogens, which interact to support host health. These microbes contribute to essential functions such as nutrient metabolism, immune system modulation, and maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity. However, disruptions to this equilibrium—referred to as dysbiosis—can have widespread physiological consequences.Dysbiosis is often characterized by reduced microbial...
Microbiota Modulation by Antibiotics01:21

Microbiota Modulation by Antibiotics

Antibiotics have revolutionized modern medicine by saving countless lives from bacterial infections. However, their widespread use has inadvertently harmed the delicate balance of the human gut microbiota. The gut microbiota, a complex community of bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi, plays a vital role in regulating metabolism, immune responses, and maintaining intestinal health. Antibiotics, especially broad-spectrum types, disrupt this ecosystem by eradicating both harmful and beneficial...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Injections of Lipopolysaccharide into Mice to Mimic Entrance of Microbial-derived Products After Intestinal Barrier Breach
08:24

Injections of Lipopolysaccharide into Mice to Mimic Entrance of Microbial-derived Products After Intestinal Barrier Breach

Published on: May 2, 2018

Microbes, immunoregulation, and the gut.

G A W Rook1, L R Brunet

  • 1Centre for Infectious Diseases and International Health, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School, 46 Cleveland St, London W1T 4JF, UK. g.rook@ucl.ac.uk

Gut
|February 16, 2005
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding the gut microbiome

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An Intestinal Gut Organ Culture System for Analyzing Host-Microbiota Interactions
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An Intestinal Gut Organ Culture System for Analyzing Host-Microbiota Interactions

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Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Injections of Lipopolysaccharide into Mice to Mimic Entrance of Microbial-derived Products After Intestinal Barrier Breach
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In Vivo Photolabeling of Cells in the Colon to Assess Migratory Potential of Hematopoietic Cells in Neonatal Mice
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In Vivo Photolabeling of Cells in the Colon to Assess Migratory Potential of Hematopoietic Cells in Neonatal Mice

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An Intestinal Gut Organ Culture System for Analyzing Host-Microbiota Interactions
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An Intestinal Gut Organ Culture System for Analyzing Host-Microbiota Interactions

Published on: June 30, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • The hygiene hypothesis suggests reduced microbial exposure increases allergies.
  • Probiotic and prebiotic research highlights the role of gut flora in health.
  • Physiological interactions with commensal and environmental organisms impact immune regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the convergence of hygiene hypothesis and probiotic/prebiotic research.
  • To understand and manipulate interactions with the microbiome.
  • To investigate the role of these interactions in immune-related disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing research on the hygiene hypothesis.
  • Analysis of studies on probiotic and prebiotic effects.
  • Examination of immunoregulatory circuits influenced by microbial interactions.

Main Results:

  • Two research areas, hygiene hypothesis and probiotics/prebiotics, are converging.
  • Understanding microbial interactions is crucial for immune regulation.
  • Allergic disorders and inflammatory bowel disease are increasingly implicated.

Conclusions:

  • Manipulating physiological interactions with the microbiome is essential.
  • Microbiome research is vital for managing immune-related conditions like allergies and IBD.