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Cold injuries.

William B Long1, Richard F Edlich, Kathryne L Winters

  • 1Trauma Specialists LLP, Legacy Emanuel Hospital, Portland, Oregon 97227, USA. wlong@lhs.org

Journal of Long-Term Effects of Medical Implants
|February 18, 2005
PubMed
Summary
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Cold exposure causes localized and systemic injuries like hypothermia. Prompt recognition and management, including preventing heat loss and controlled rewarming, are crucial for patient survival and recovery.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Medicine
  • Emergency Medicine
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Cold exposure can lead to localized injuries or systemic hypothermia.
  • Hypothermia is defined as a core body temperature below 35°C (95°F).
  • Causes include inadequate clothing, severe cooling, or underlying medical conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the types of cold-related injuries.
  • To discuss the diagnosis and management of hypothermia.
  • To describe mechanisms and clinical presentations of peripheral cold injuries.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of cold injury mechanisms and clinical presentations.
  • Discussion of diagnostic criteria, including rectal temperature measurement.
  • Outline of prehospital management principles and rewarming techniques.

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Main Results:

  • Cold injuries range from frostnip to frostbite and immersion foot.
  • Hypothermia affects multiple organ systems with variable symptoms.
  • Prehospital management focuses on preventing further heat loss, core rewarming, and avoiding ventricular fibrillation.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding cold injury pathophysiology is essential for effective treatment.
  • Accurate diagnosis and timely intervention improve patient outcomes.
  • Prevention strategies and prompt medical management are key to mitigating cold-related morbidity and mortality.