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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
10:07

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact

Published on: February 10, 2015

Pathomechanics of acquired shoulder instability: a basic science perspective.

Vincent M Wang1, Evan L Flatow

  • 1Leni & Peter May Dept. of Orthopaedics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 5 E. 98th Street, New York, NY 10029, USA.

Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery
|February 24, 2005
PubMed
Summary

Repetitive shoulder stress may gradually stretch the anteroinferior capsule, leading to acquired shoulder instability. Understanding this microdamage accumulation is crucial for effective treatment of shoulder instability.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
10:07

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Published on: February 10, 2015

Rat Model of Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder
04:46

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Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
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Published on: March 12, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Biomechanics
  • Sports Medicine

Background:

  • Normal glenohumeral motion relies on dynamic and static stabilizers.
  • Previous studies analyzed capsuloligamentous components and inferior glenohumeral ligament function.
  • The mechanism of microdamage in acquired shoulder instability remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanism of microdamage accumulation in acquired shoulder instability.
  • To understand how cyclic loading affects the anteroinferior capsule and inferior glenohumeral ligament.
  • To identify factors contributing to the pathoetiology of shoulder instability.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing data from selective sectioning and tensile testing studies.
  • Analysis of recent findings on cyclic subfailure loading of the inferior glenohumeral ligament.
  • Identification of knowledge gaps regarding load transmission and healing response.

Main Results:

  • Cyclic subfailure loading may cause gradual stretching of the anteroinferior capsule.
  • This stretching can compromise the capsule's ability to limit excessive humeral translation.
  • The inferior glenohumeral ligament plays a key role in this process.

Conclusions:

  • Acquired shoulder instability may result from cumulative microdamage due to repetitive stress.
  • Further research is needed on load transmission within the capsule during arm motion.
  • Understanding the healing response of capsular ligaments is essential for characterizing shoulder instability.