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A source-sink hypothesis for abyssal biodiversity.

Michael A Rex1, Craig R McClain, Nicholas A Johnson

  • 1Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, USA. michael.rex@umb.edu

The American Naturalist
|February 25, 2005
PubMed
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Deep-sea biodiversity patterns reveal that abyssal mollusks are often deeper extensions of bathyal species. Source-sink dynamics, driven by low food and Allee effects, may regulate abyssal populations.

Area of Science:

  • Marine Biology
  • Deep-Sea Ecology
  • Biogeography

Background:

  • Bathymetric gradients significantly influence deep-sea benthic biodiversity.
  • Traditionally, biodiversity changes with depth are viewed as variations in alpha diversity.
  • Understanding these patterns is crucial for deep-sea ecosystem research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the depth distribution of deep-sea gastropods and bivalves in the North Atlantic.
  • To propose a new explanation for abyssal biodiversity patterns.
  • To explore the role of source-sink dynamics in deep-sea ecosystems.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of depth ranges for gastropod and bivalve species in the eastern and western North Atlantic.
  • Examination of population structures and dispersal strategies.

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  • Assessment of ecological factors influencing abyssal fauna.

    • Main Results:

    • Abyssal molluscan fauna primarily consists of deeper range extensions of bathyal species.
    • Many abyssal species exhibit larval dispersal, with adult densities too low for reproduction.
    • Source-sink dynamics, influenced by decreasing organic carbon flux and Allee effects, appear to regulate abyssal populations.

    Conclusions:

    • Abyssal biodiversity may be explained by source-sink systems where abyssal populations depend on immigration from bathyal sources.
    • Increasing depth intensifies source-sink dynamics due to reduced food availability and Allee effects.
    • The abyss may offer fewer ecological and evolutionary opportunities compared to the bathyal zone.