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Updated: Aug 5, 2026

Simultaneous Whole-cell Recordings from Photoreceptors and Second-order Neurons in an Amphibian Retinal Slice Preparation
11:39

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Published on: June 1, 2013

Retinal bipolar cells: contrast encoding for sinusoidal modulation and steps of luminance contrast

Dwight A Burkhardt1, Patrick K Fahey, Michael A Sikora

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. burkh001@tc.umn.edu

Visual Neuroscience
|March 1, 2005
PubMed
Summary

Bipolar cells in the salamander retina exhibit high contrast gain and nonlinearity, unlike cones and horizontal cells. This suggests intrinsic mechanisms emphasize rapid contrast changes over slower ones.

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